Underserved segments share three traits: real demand exists (people are paying for something today), current solutions are inadequate (complaints are loud and consistent), and incumbents are too big to serve them well (they're chasing enterprise deals).
Find them by reading 1-star reviews of competitors, hanging out in industry-specific forums, and asking customer-success teams what gets returned or churned. The gold is in the gaps where existing products are 'almost good enough' for a specific use case but everyone tolerates the friction because there's no alternative.